[ PHLE 1 ] PHARMACISTS LICENSURE EXAMINATION I

PHARMACISTS LICENSURE EXAMINATION Reviewer

Instructions:

Please answer each question to the best of your ability. Each question is multiple choice, and only one answer per question is correct. Select the most appropriate answer from the options provided.

When you have completed all questions, click the "Submit" button at the bottom of the page to see your score. Good luck!

1. A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension is prescribed lisinopril. He returns with complaints of dizziness and a persistent dry cough. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A) Hypertension
B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor side effect
C) Acute renal failure
D) Hyperkalemia

2. A 25-year-old woman is prescribed oral contraceptives. She asks whether antibiotics could interfere with the effectiveness of her birth control. What would be your response?

A) Some antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
B) Antibiotics will increase the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
C) Oral contraceptives are unaffected by antibiotics
D) All antibiotics will render oral contraceptives ineffective

3. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prescribed albuterol and ipratropium. What is the primary mechanism of action of albuterol in this patient?

A) Antagonist at muscarinic receptors
B) Beta-2 adrenergic agonist
C) Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
D) Corticosteroid receptor agonist

4. A patient presents with a history of allergic rhinitis. He is prescribed loratadine. What type of drug is loratadine?

A) Second-generation antihistamine
B) First-generation antihistamine
C) Corticosteroid
D) Decongestant

5. A 75-year-old patient with a history of atrial fibrillation is prescribed warfarin. What is the most important factor to monitor during warfarin therapy?

A) Complete blood count
B) Liver function tests
C) Electrolyte levels
D) International normalized ratio (INR)

6. A patient with Type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. What is the most common side effect of metformin?

A) Gastrointestinal upset
B) Weight gain
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Peripheral neuropathy

7. A patient is prescribed ciprofloxacin for a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which of the following instructions should you give to avoid adverse effects?

A) Take the medication with dairy products
B) Avoid taking the medication with antacids or multivitamins
C) Take the medication with alcohol to increase absorption
D) Take the medication with high-fat meals to reduce gastrointestinal side effects

8. A patient who has been taking ibuprofen for several weeks develops dark stools and abdominal pain. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

A) Gastrointestinal bleeding due to prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
B) Acute pancreatitis
C) Peptic ulcer disease
D) Liver cirrhosis

9. A patient with asthma is prescribed salmeterol. What is the primary role of salmeterol in asthma management?

A) Long-acting beta-2 agonist
B) Short-acting beta-2 agonist
C) Corticosteroid
D) Leukotriene receptor antagonist

10. A 45-year-old female patient is prescribed tamoxifen for breast cancer. What is the mechanism of action of tamoxifen?

A) Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
B) Aromatase inhibitor
C) Chemotherapeutic agent
D) Monoclonal antibody

11. A patient is receiving digoxin for heart failure. What is the most common adverse effect associated with digoxin toxicity?

A) Hypotension
B) Arrhythmias
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Weight loss

12. A 50-year-old male with chronic kidney disease is prescribed atorvastatin for hyperlipidemia. What is the primary concern when prescribing statins to patients with renal impairment?

A) Increased risk of liver toxicity
B) Increased risk of muscle toxicity (rhabdomyolysis)
C) Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding
D) Decreased drug effectiveness

13. A patient with hypertension is prescribed hydrochlorothiazide. Which of the following electrolytes should be closely monitored during therapy?

A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

14. A 55-year-old patient with a history of coronary artery disease is prescribed aspirin. What is the primary action of aspirin in the prevention of cardiovascular events?

A) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1) enzyme to reduce platelet aggregation
B) Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to reduce blood pressure
C) Vasodilation of coronary arteries
D) Blockage of calcium channels to prevent spasm of blood vessels

15. A 68-year-old patient is prescribed lisinopril for hypertension. After a few weeks, the patient develops a persistent dry cough. What is the most appropriate action to take?

A) Discontinue lisinopril and consider switching to an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
B) Add a diuretic to manage the cough
C) Reduce the dose of lisinopril
D) Start a steroid inhaler to alleviate the cough

16. A patient on warfarin presents for a routine check-up. The INR is 5.2. What is the most appropriate action?

A) Reduce the dose of warfarin or hold the dose and monitor the INR
B) Increase the warfarin dose to increase the INR
C) Administer vitamin K to reverse the effect of warfarin
D) Continue the current dose of warfarin and recheck INR in a month

17. A patient is prescribed clopidogrel following a myocardial infarction. Which of the following is a potential side effect of clopidogrel?

A) Constipation
B) Elevated liver enzymes
C) Increased risk of bleeding
D) Hyperkalemia

18. A patient with HIV is prescribed tenofovir. Which of the following should be monitored regularly during therapy with tenofovir?

A) Liver function tests
B) Renal function and serum phosphate levels
C) Complete blood count (CBC)
D) Blood glucose levels

19. A patient is prescribed amoxicillin for a bacterial infection. What is the most likely side effect of amoxicillin?

A) Increased heart rate
B) Diarrhea
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Weight gain

20. A patient is prescribed metoprolol for hypertension and heart failure. What is the primary effect of metoprolol in this patient?

A) Beta-blocker that decreases heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand
B) Diuretic effect that reduces fluid retention
C) Calcium channel blocker that relaxes smooth muscle
D) ACE inhibitor that dilates blood vessels

21. A patient with asthma is prescribed theophylline. Which of the following is an important consideration when taking theophylline?

A) Theophylline should be taken with food to avoid stomach irritation
B) Theophylline is safe in pregnancy without dose adjustments
C) Plasma levels of theophylline should be monitored to avoid toxicity
D) Theophylline is contraindicated in patients with diabetes

22. A 45-year-old patient with a history of depression is prescribed sertraline. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like sertraline?

A) Drowsiness and sedation
B) Weight loss
C) Sexual dysfunction
D) Tachycardia

23. A patient is prescribed hydrocodone for pain relief. What is the primary mechanism of action of hydrocodone?

A) Opioid receptor agonist that inhibits pain transmission
B) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase to reduce inflammation
C) Antagonism at NMDA receptors to reduce neuronal excitability
D) Blockade of serotonin receptors to alleviate pain

24. A 70-year-old male patient is on levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. His laboratory results show an elevated TSH level, and he reports increased fatigue. What is the most likely explanation?

A) The dose of levothyroxine may be too low and needs to be increased
B) The patient may have developed hyperthyroidism
C) The patient is noncompliant with the levothyroxine regimen
D) The patient is experiencing a thyroid storm

25. A patient with a history of heart failure is being treated with furosemide. What is the primary therapeutic goal of furosemide in this patient?

A) Increase urine output to reduce fluid retention and pulmonary congestion
B) Reduce blood pressure to manage heart failure symptoms
C) Increase heart rate to improve cardiac output
D) Inhibit aldosterone secretion to reduce sodium retention

26. A patient is receiving warfarin for anticoagulation therapy. Which of the following foods should the patient avoid to prevent interactions with warfarin?

A) Dairy products
B) Foods high in vitamin K, such as leafy green vegetables
C) Foods rich in potassium, such as bananas
D) Foods high in sodium, such as processed meats

27. A patient with Type 1 diabetes is prescribed insulin as part of their therapy. Which of the following is a common side effect of insulin therapy?

A) Hypoglycemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Weight loss
D) Hyperglycemia

28. A 60-year-old male patient with a history of depression is prescribed fluoxetine. What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine?

A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that increases serotonin levels
B) Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that increases dopamine levels
C) Antipsychotic agent that blocks dopamine receptors
D) Tricyclic antidepressant that increases norepinephrine levels

29. A 45-year-old female patient is prescribed gabapentin for nerve pain. What is the primary mechanism of action of gabapentin?

A) Inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels
B) Activation of GABA receptors
C) Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake
D) Blockade of sodium channels

30. A patient with asthma is prescribed budesonide. What is the primary effect of budesonide in asthma management?

A) Anti-inflammatory effect to reduce bronchial inflammation
B) Bronchodilation through beta-2 adrenergic activation
C) Inhibition of leukotriene receptors
D) Anticholinergic effect to reduce airway constriction

Result

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