[ CSE 42 ] CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION REVIEWER - Logic

Civil Service Examination Reviewer

Instructions:

Please answer each question to the best of your ability. Each question is multiple choice, and only one answer per question is correct. Select the most appropriate answer from the options provided.

When you have completed all questions, click the "Submit" button at the bottom of the page to see your score. Good luck!

1. What is the negation of the statement "All birds can fly"?

A) All birds cannot fly.
B) Some birds cannot fly.
C) No birds can fly.
D) Birds are unable to fly.

2. If "If it is sunny, then we will go to the park" is true, what must be true if it is not sunny?

A) Nothing definite can be concluded.
B) We will still go to the park.
C) We will not go to the park.
D) It is raining.

3. What type of reasoning is used in the following? "All cats have tails. Whiskers is a cat. Therefore, Whiskers has a tail."

A) Inductive reasoning
B) Abductive reasoning
C) Deductive reasoning
D) Analogical reasoning

4. Which of the following is logically equivalent to "If not P, then not Q"?

A) If P, then Q
B) If Q, then P
C) P and Q
D) Not P and Not Q

5. If the premise "Either it is raining or it is snowing" is true and "It is not raining" is also true, what must be true?

A) It is raining and snowing.
B) It is not snowing.
C) It is snowing.
D) It is neither raining nor snowing.

6. Which of the following is a tautology?

A) P and not P
B) P or not P
C) Either it will rain or it will not rain.
D) It might rain or it might snow.

7. Which of the following best defines a fallacy?

A) A true statement based on evidence
B) A rule used in logical arguments
C) An error in reasoning
D) A type of persuasive argument

8. What is the logical form of "If A and B, then C"?

A) (A ∧ B) → C
B) A → (B ∧ C)
C) A ∨ B → C
D) C → (A ∧ B)

9. In symbolic logic, what does the symbol ∨ represent?

A) Negation
B) Disjunction
C) Conjunction
D) Implication

10. Which of the following is a valid inference from "If John is tall, then he can play basketball" and "John is tall"?

A) John can play basketball.
B) John cannot play basketball.
C) John plays basketball professionally.
D) John is short.

11. What is the contrapositive of the statement "If it rains, then the ground gets wet"?

A) If it rains, the ground is not dry.
B) If the ground does not get wet, then it did not rain.
C) If the ground gets wet, then it rained.
D) If it does not rain, then the ground is not wet.

12. Which of the following is an example of a valid modus tollens argument?

A) If it is hot, then we go swimming. It is hot. Therefore, we go swimming.
B) If it rains, the streets get wet. The streets are wet. Therefore, it rained.
C) If she studies, she will pass. She did not study. Therefore, she will fail.
D) If it rains, the streets get wet. The streets are not wet. Therefore, it did not rain.

13. What does the symbol ↔ represent in propositional logic?

A) Biconditional
B) Implication
C) Negation
D) Disjunction

14. Which logical fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself?

A) Strawman
B) Ad hominem
C) Red herring
D) Slippery slope

15. Which reasoning method draws conclusions based on patterns or observations?

A) Deductive
B) Inductive
C) Causal
D) Analogical

16. Which is the converse of "If I sleep well, then I feel rested"?

A) If I don’t sleep well, then I don’t feel rested.
B) If I feel rested, then I slept well.
C) If I feel tired, then I didn’t sleep well.
D) If I sleep well, then I don’t feel tired.

17. Which of the following is an example of a conjunction?

A) If it rains, then we cancel the trip.
B) It is hot and sunny.
C) Either it rains or it snows.
D) It is not cold.

18. What is the result of the truth table for the disjunction P ∨ Q when both P and Q are false?

A) True
B) False
C) Undetermined
D) Cannot be computed

19. Which symbol represents logical implication?

A) ∧
B) →
C) ∨
D) ¬

20. In a logical argument, what is a premise?

A) The conclusion
B) A statement that supports the conclusion
C) A contradiction
D) A rhetorical question

21. Which of the following is a tautology?

A) P ∨ ¬P
B) P ∧ ¬P
C) P → Q
D) ¬(P ∨ Q)

22. Which logic gate outputs true only when inputs differ?

A) AND
B) OR
C) XOR
D) NOR

23. What is the negation of the statement "All dogs bark"?

A) No dogs bark
B) All dogs do not bark
C) Some dogs do not bark
D) There exists at least one dog that does not bark

24. In symbolic logic, what does the expression ¬(P ∧ Q) logically equal?

A) ¬P ∧ ¬Q
B) ¬P ∨ ¬Q
C) P ∨ Q
D) ¬(P ∨ Q)

25. Which is not a valid logical inference rule?

A) Modus Ponens
B) Modus Tollens
C) Hypothetical Syllogism
D) Circular Assertion

26. Which of the following best defines a paradox?

A) A statement that is always true
B) A statement that contradicts itself
C) A valid conclusion from valid premises
D) A logical truth

27. Which of the following is an example of a disjunctive syllogism?

A) Either P or Q. Not P. Therefore, Q.
B) If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.
C) If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.
D) P. Therefore, P or Q.

28. What logical connective is used in the phrase "either... or..."?

A) Conjunction
B) Disjunction
C) Biconditional
D) Implication

29. In a truth table, how many rows are needed for three propositions (P, Q, R)?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 9
D) 12

30. What is the correct simplification of (P ∧ Q) ∨ (P ∧ ¬Q)?

A) P
B) Q
C) ¬P
D) P ∨ Q

Result

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